This podcast is on the relationship on the elements of music and form. It considers the ways in which elements such as musical texture, time signatures, and harmony can interact to create expectations in a listener. In popular music, these expectations need to be fulfilled, and if they are not – the music has the potential not to be ‘popular’. The lecture considers how in addition to harmonic tendencies, the ‘rule of four’ is engrained in european listeners – also creating expectations of verses, choruses, etc.